Additives 添加劑

 

Additives in pet food serve various purposes: The first one is to provide nutritional benefits, e.g. vitamins. The second purpose concerns technological additives for safety and maintaining the desirable features of texture, stability and resistance to spoilage and lastly there can be sensory additives providing the colour and flavour.

添加劑在寵物食品中有多種用途：第一個(gè)是提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)，例如維生素。第二個(gè)用途是技術(shù)型方面的，如：保證產(chǎn)品安全性、保持理想的質(zhì)地、保持狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定和防腐，最后是改善感官的添加劑，比如提供顏色和風(fēng)味。

 

The term ‘additive’ can be applied to a range of ingredients that manufacturers add to the basic ingredients that are at the heart of pet food. These minor ingredients include mainly essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, but also flavours, colours and agents to prevent harmful spoilage of the pet food due to fats going rancid or through bacterial contamination.

“additive”一詞也可用來(lái)表示一堆預(yù)混料，這些預(yù)混料是寵物食品的核心原料。這些微量的原料主要包括必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)素（如維生素和礦物質(zhì)），也包括風(fēng)味劑、色素和能防止寵物食品因?yàn)橹狙趸釘』蚣?xì)菌污染變質(zhì)的物質(zhì)。

 

Vitamins and minerals are presented in the factsheet ‘Nutritional needs of Cats and Dogs’.

維他命和礦物質(zhì)的內(nèi)容記載于“貓狗的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要”的資料頁(yè)。

 

Preservatives 防腐劑

 

Pet food safety is of critical importance. Preservatives may be added, largely depending upon the type of pet food product and processing, to ensure that food products remain nutritious and safe for consumption throughout their shelf life. The food must be protected from bacterial or mould contamination and spoilage, further it must be protected from degradation and the loss of nutrients during storage. The method of preservation used depends on the type of food because the way of processing also contributes to the food integrity and shelf life:

寵物食品的安全至關(guān)重要?？赡軙?huì)添加防腐劑，確保食品在整個(gè)貨架期內(nèi)仍保持營(yíng)養(yǎng)和安全，是否添加主要取決于寵物食品產(chǎn)品的類型和加工方式。食品的保存方法取決于食品的種類，因?yàn)榧庸さ姆绞揭灿兄?/span>延長(zhǎng)保質(zhì)期:

 

Dry pet food: The manufacturing process kills microbes and the low moisture content helps to inhibit the growth of most organisms.

干性寵物食品：生產(chǎn)過(guò)程殺死微生物，低水分含量有助于抑制大多數(shù)微生物的生長(zhǎng)。

 

Moist pet food: The heat applied in cooking of canned or pouch pet food kill microbes and the packaging excludes air, protecting the food.

濕性寵物食品：罐裝或袋裝的濕糧經(jīng)過(guò)熱處理殺菌以及真空排氣來(lái)保護(hù)食品。

 

Chilled pet food: Processed chilled pet food has undergone a controlled thermal process and this, together with refrigeration during storage helps suppress spoilage.

冷凍寵物食品：冷凍寵物食品經(jīng)過(guò)熱處理后再輔以冷凍保存延長(zhǎng)貨架期和抑制腐敗。

 

Semi-moist pet food: This generally has a low pH and contain humectants that bind water to the product, making it less available for use by invading organisms.

半濕性寵物食品：這種食品通常pH值較低，并添加能結(jié)合自由水的保水劑，使其不易被微生物利用。

 

Antioxidants 抗氧化劑

 

Antioxidants are used to protect pet food from deterioration due to oxidation. All pet food has some fat and/or oil content and these should be stabilised by including antioxidants to prevent fats from reacting with oxygen in the air (oxidising) and food becoming rancid which leads to losses in nutritional quality. The inclusion of antioxidants helps to maintain wholesomeness and quality of the food. Antioxidants are incorporated into dry and semi-moist pet food to protect them from exposure to oxygen after processing. Antioxidant preservatives that might be included in dry pet food include: a variety of herbal or plant extracts including: vitamin E (tocopherols), vitamin C (ascorbates) or man-made antioxidants, which have been used in various human food for many years.

抗氧化劑用于防止寵物食品因氧化而變質(zhì)。所有的寵物食品都含有一定量的脂肪和/或油脂，需要通過(guò)添加抗氧化劑來(lái)保護(hù)它們，以防止其與空氣中的氧氣發(fā)生反應(yīng)（即氧化）導(dǎo)致食物發(fā)生酸敗，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致食品失去營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值?？寡趸瘎┑募尤胗兄诒３质澄锏?/span>完整性和品質(zhì)。在干性和半濕性寵物食品中添加抗氧化劑，可以防止它們?cè)诩庸ず蟊┞对谘鯕庵斜谎趸?/span>干性寵物食品中會(huì)用到的抗氧化劑有：各種草本或植物提取物包括：維生素E（生育酚），維生素C（抗壞血酸）或人工合成抗氧化劑，這些抗氧化劑已在各種人類食品中使用多年。

 

Colouring agents 色素

 

Colouring agents may be added to pet food to enhance the appearance of the food. These include a range of naturally occurring food colours, food dyes or mineral based colours.

寵物食品中添加色素是為了改善食品的外觀。這些色素包括：天然的食用色素、人工食用色素或礦物色素。

 

Emulsifiers and stabilisers 乳化劑和穩(wěn)定劑

 

Emulsifiers help keeping the fat in the food and prevent the water from separating. Gums and lecithin are used to prevent separation of ingredients and to create the gravy or gel in canned, pouch and other moist pet food. Food gums include seaweed extracts and seed gums such as guar gum (from the guar plant).

乳化劑有助于防止食品的油水分離。膠和卵磷脂用于防止分層，并能在罐頭和袋裝濕糧中形成醬汁和肉凍。食品膠包括：海藻提取的膠和植物種子提取的膠，如瓜爾膠（來(lái)自瓜爾植物）。

 

Flavours 風(fēng)味劑

 

Flavours are used to enhance the palatability in some pet food and to provide product variation. Much of the appeal of prepared pet food to the dog or cat stems from the choice of raw materials, such as fish, meat, vegetables or cereals. As with food for humans, the cooking process often increases the palatability of pet food. Some flavours may be added to some pet food and these can be natural flavours such as extracts from fish or poultry, or agents designed to mirror natural flavours.

風(fēng)味劑被用來(lái)增強(qiáng)寵物食品的適口性，并為產(chǎn)品提供多口味。但食物的吸引力更多取決于食材的選擇。與人類食物一樣，烹飪過(guò)程通常會(huì)增加寵物食品的適口性。

寵物食品中添加的風(fēng)味劑可以是提取自魚(yú)或禽的天然物質(zhì)，也可以是人工合成的（設(shè)計(jì)成反映天然風(fēng)味）。

 

Gut flora stabilisers 腸道菌群穩(wěn)定劑

 

Gut flora stabilisers such as live micro-organisms can be added to pet food and have a positive effect on the gut microbiota. These live micro-organisms, classified as zoo-technical feed additives by the European authorities and commonly known as “probiotics”, can be a good alternative to reduce the use of antibiotics in animals and more specifically in pets.

腸道菌群穩(wěn)定劑，如活微生物，可以添加到寵物食品中，對(duì)腸道菌群有積極作用。這些活的微生物被歐洲監(jiān)管部門歸類為動(dòng)物技術(shù)型飼料添加劑，一般被稱為“益生菌”，可以幫助減少寵物的抗生素使用量。